Article Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. I suggested they try one. Noss et al. Tamarindus indica was found both in the wild and on cultivated land. Focus group discussions commended T. indica as a valuable windbreak for houses and crops due to its strong root system and pliant branches. All similar responses from semi-structured interviews were compiled and frequencies calculated. Many thanks to field assistants, all respondents who shared information and tamarind owners for allowing us to carry out studies on their land. Tamarind. Why me? The tamarind tree produces brown, pod-like fruits that contain a sweet, tangy pulp, which is used in cuisines around the world. [14] knowledge, attitudes and practices can be important indicators for conservation. More. Its at the top of the tree. Fountain Publishers. Thus, in the past, the Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula always tried to locate their houses underneath such a tree. Nutrition Facts. People who are afraidIm not afraid. Let us know. 2008. p 158. Symptoms reported include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, fever, chills, and vomiting. Sensitizing women about the nutritional benefits of various T. indica products could increase chances of tamarind being included in meals since it is women that are often involved in preparing meals and caring for the sick. He brought it close to the trunk. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. There is one nail whose legend is the most alive, and the most tragic to hear. A nail is driven into the tree where the branch was cut, keeping the soul of the suicide in place and preventing them from making mischief. Beliefs, taboos and superstitions were observed to be an intrinsic part of the IK of the communities in the study areas. Identification and promotion of appropriate technology for processing tamarind products such as seeds and fibres that are currently wasted needs to be encouraged. (Chapter 1). 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The tamarind tree is native to Asia and Africa, but it also grows in tropical climates around the world. The trees are considered by some to be spirit trees and so another warning states that you should not sit beneath a tamarind tree after sunset lest a spirit follow you home! Should I start again? A shudder ran through them all. And what if its true? Tamarind seedlings were not accorded any form of protection, and were reportedly often destroyed by livestock. On the other hand focus group discussions revealed that T. indica was often felled to create space for buildings and provide building materials. My god! Relative frequency of citation of the different uses provides insight into usage levels and IK possessed. Tamarindus indica possesses great potential to address various nutritional, health, socioeconomic and environmental constraints [7, 11, 12]. Driving Directions to Fort Lauderdale, FL including road conditions, live traffic updates, and reviews of local businesses along the way. In their hearts they knew something horrible would happen. Regional Soil Conservation Unit. Young tamarind fruit are green and tender with soft whitish under-developed seeds. http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/. Introduction: the growing importance of traditional forest-related knowledge. Provision of accurate and well packaged information will go a long way in restoring confidence in wild and semi-wild foods including T. indica. A violent emotion gripped him. Whats this piercing heat on my neck? He threw his hammer towards the ground; it bounced off several branches. Uganda Bureau of Statistics. But when he tried to start again, he couldnt find his nail. He had only one thought: Hammer this damn nail and get back! Watering- In the summer and spring, your tamarind will grow beautifully. Advertisement. A cross sectional survey was conducted in two districts purposively selected from the T. indica natural range. Joy Of Sharing Watch on Auspicious Plants And Trees For Garden as per Vastu Experts: Trees: Coconut, Sandalwood, Lemon, Almond, Pineapple, Jackfruit, Mango, Bakul, Azadirachta indica Plants: Basil, Jasmin, Pomegranate, Saffron, Frangipani, Champaca Plants To Be Avoided: Planting thorny plants is prohibited inside or outside a house. Or are they waiting for something else?What?Lets hammer that damn nail and get out!. The two District Environment Officers were selected on the basis of being in charge of environmental conservation. He forced himself to look forward. [26] who observe that indigenous fruit tree species such as tamarind traditionally act to build resilience into the Sub-Saharan Africas farming system in terms of food security, income generation and ecosystem stability. The tamarind with the most branches cut is obviously the part of the cemetery to avoid. Tamarind. Cassava was the most common crop found growing with T. indica. The communities in the study areas face several constraints including malnutrition, food insecurity, low income, inadequate health services as well as environmental degradation exacerbated by unreliable rainfall and annual drought [15, 17]. The constraints reported with regard to planting T. indica need to be addressed so as to boost planting. Table3 is a summary of frequency citation of T. indica uses. Empowering women to own land could be adopted as a long term strategy to promote planting of T. indica and other tree species for general environmental conservation. Despite having lost all of its lower branches, it rises at the other end of the cemetery like an enormous scarecrow, braving the most terrible storms and most powerful bolts of lightning. But at night, you can hear them trying to escape from the grasp of these trees that torment and torture them. The hammer pounded all by itself. 2008. Suddenly, at the last moment, his closest friend tried to dissuade him. Omissions? Conserv Biol. Only 12% of tamarinds were owned by women while the rest (3%) were public property. He looked for it everywhere. Public Health actions Small amounts of tamarind fruit for home consumption were harvested from trees on communal land, ones own land or after seeking the owners permission. Shapi M, Cheikhyoussef A, Mumbengegwi DR, Matengu K, Van Kent A, Sifani J. Evolution of data collection methods for indigenous knowledge systems at the Multidisciplinary Research Centre of the University of Namibia. Sci World J. Their admiration for him knew no bounds, but something made them afraid. According to Gadgil et al. Department of Geography & Social Studies, Kyambogo University, PO Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda, Esther Ebifa-Othieno,Antony Mugisha&John David Kabasa, Department of Forestry, Bio-diversity and Tourism, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda, You can also search for this author in He went completely still. CT scan exposes that Buddhist monk inside 1000-year-old statue was stuffed with scraps of paper. Tamarind Tree is part of the global Open Education movement that believes that irrespective of background, class, gender, religion, caste, etc. He nailed it in! In the Caribbean it is widely distributed. Fruits of warm climates. Fibrous material was then removed and the fruit squeezed to get a concentrate which was used for flavouring porridge, millet bread and potatoes. The observation that most of the T. indica on homesteads and abandoned compounds was in the vicinity of graves also points to the close relationship between culture and T. indica in these communities. The high level of IK has not translated into high rates of planting T. indica. Furthermore T. indica is easily accessible to all community members. Few plants will survive beneath a tamarind tree and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one, probably because of the corrosive effect that fallen leaves have on fabrics in damp weather. Website Take me there. Get down as fast as possible. It is a slow growing tree, long living and hardy. Find Related Places. The tree's wood can be used for woodworking and tamarind seed oil can be extracted from the seeds. Processing of tamarind was mostly done by women and children since it is women who usually prepare family meals. Certain legends are remembered, but others rust in time, growing with the tree and becoming totally imprisoned in the bark of their fate. Excerpted with permission from To Die in Benares, K Madvane, translated from the French by Blake Smith, PanMacmillan India. What if, somehow, something happened? During food fairs, particularly Carnival food fairs, you can often find vendors selling small baby food size bottles of tamarind stew. Indigenous knowledge and uses concurred with scientifically proven nutritional and medicinal attributes of T. indica in literature which is significant given current trends towards affordable functional foods. Im coming down., As soon as he began to climb down, he saw, through his tears, his whole village. The majority of T. indica encountered (87%) was intercropped with other crops or trees. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible fruit, the sweet and sour pulp of which is extensively used in foods, beverages, and traditional medicines. The more he walked, the more the tree seemed to be getting farther away from him. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda_National_Human_Development_Report_2007.pdf. Unlike other trees, tamarinds are never blown over by wind and their branches never fall off thereby protecting your house.. You won. As would be expected it is cooler in the shade. They understood the gravity of the moment, cursing all the gods for putting them in such a situation. The pulp inside them tastes like a fusion of apricots, dates, and lemons. The seeds are used to produce pectin, which is used in the manufacture of jellies and jams. Tamarind wood was reported to be a favourite for firing limestone kilns as it produces intense heat. 2008. https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113396756.html. Accessed 14 Dec 2008. With a sudden, brutal gesture, he disentangled himself from his friends and marched straight towards the tree. Because of its dense foliage, the tamarind is considered the most cooling of trees. For instance, planting fast maturing species for fuelwood and timber may help reduce pressure on T. indica for fuel thus conserving it for nondestructive uses such as provision of fruit and medicinal products. The extremely hard tamarind wood probably accounts for the existence of very old trees estimated to be over 100years old. Ill nail it through the highest branch.And at midnight! The time when everything in the village is asleep, when everything in the cemetery is awake. He couldnt see them. A shared regret floated over them. Afr J Ecol. 2011;91(3):4225. Family Practice. When the time came, the group accompanied Manu to the cemeterys edge. Dey S, Swamp D, Anju S, Ananya D. In vivo efficacy of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L) fruit extract on experimental fluoride exposure in rats. The bark and leaves were also used to. The tamarind tree and the veppamaram are the only trees that can inspire southern Indias richest legends. The tree suddenly looked like a ghost. Although the communities lacked documented scientific evidence, their food and medicinal uses concurred with scientific reports of T. indica health promoting attributes. Everything about VA Shiva Ayyadurai, the Indian who invented Email! Trees were mainly sold to operators of limestone kilns and brick makers. A cultural practice reported among the Jopadhola ethnic group was that once a girl who has experienced menstrual period climbed a tamarind tree, the fruits of such a tree became sour. Traditionally, the local inhabitants bury their dead on the compound or in the homestead. tamarind, (Tamarindus indica), evergreen tree of the pea family (Fabaceae), native to tropical Africa. Article It is highly acid, contains 30% - 40% sugar and has high vitamin C and excellent keeping qualities. Bolder thinking for conservation. All these superstition have to be left behind because Indian Cooking has tamarind pulp or juice added up in various dishes. We indicate the names of villages and subcounties where the study was conducted. And my friends have abandoned me! The most commonly used tamarind part was the fruit (100%). Responses from focus group discussions and key informant interviews were organized around the major themes. 2010;127:57388. Alternatively a long stick was used to remove the fruits. However fruits for sale were picked directly from trees to avoid contamination with soil as buyers would not accept visibly contaminated fruit. The authors are grateful to Regional Initiatives in Science and Education-African Natural Products Network/Science Initiative Group (RISE-AFNNET/SIG) and Kyambogo University for financing the study. From the bottom of their hearts, they prayed to all the gods. Madison: University ofWisconsin Extension; 2003. Nothing easier, he said. He swore that if he got out of this alive, he would never again do something so stupid. 2005;89(4):6745. Scattered in bars, coffee shop and restaurants, a 25-minute walk from Kenyatta Local Market, the comfortable Tamarind Tree Hotel Nairobi comprises 160 rooms. An eternity passed before he came to the foot of the tree. Accessed from: www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFS/b09383.pdf. He saw nothing. 1993; 22:2/3 Biodiversity: Ecology, Economics, Policy. Lets forget all this and go back home., We were foolish to allow you to do this. But very few of us know about the plants that should NOT be kept in a house, because vedic sciences and even Feng Shui consider them to bring negative energy. Fruit pulp was the most commonly used tamarind product. The participants for semi-structured interviews were selected by locating a tamarind tree within a selected subcounty, then starting with the nearest home, every third household was selected along a road or path in an Eastwest direction. No one dares sit in its shade. Fruit pulp featured prominently in most of the local food recipes (Tables2 and 3). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060. Tamarindus indica has a high use value in the study area evidenced by multiple uses. Available from: https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf. Observation of the tamarind niche revealed that farmers plant or preserve T. indica with other tree species. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in tamarind (, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0133-8, www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFS/b09383.pdf, http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda_National_Human_Development_Report_2007.pdf, https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf, https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113396756.html, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/432/files/FJ2010_v43_n2_p134-140.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Oral informed consent/assent was obtained before participation. Figure1 shows the location of study sites. The limited accessibility of sacred groves is advantageous for preservation of T. indica in situ since trees therein are not usually cut down. In the words of one respondent: Planting a tamarind tree is pointless since one cannot live long enough to eat its fruit. Constraints towards planting T. indica included limited land, long maturation period and low monetary value. Gently remove the plant from the pot and cut dead or damaged roots. Andhra Pradesh has even Tamarind leaves added in boiled pigeon peas. [31], the leaves are a fair source of vitamin C and -carotene and mineral content is high, particularly P, K, Ca and Mg. Google Scholar. Some recipes include adding cinnamon and other spices. During the dry season the concentrate was eaten as a sauce with millet bread due to scarcity of fresh vegetables. Approximately half of respondents had T. indica on their compounds or homegardens (53%). Or do I turn around and run back to my friends? Tamarind fruit beverage had the highest percent citation (100%) indicating it was consumed by all respondents. Hammer this damn nail and get back! He picked up his pace. and Havinga et al. Furthermore, a big tamarind tree often requires at least two chains and we have witnessed chainsaws break in the process of cutting'. Service was scattered but we were forewarned and didn't mind waiting for the delicious dishes . So the story goes at least. This is a reflection of competing landuses especially in urban areas. On the same branch. Few plants will survive beneath a tamarind tree and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one, probably because of the corrosive effect that fallen leaves have on fabrics in damp weather. Mature fruit look like a beanlike pod; the pod has bulged areas and a slight curve. Did he hear a voice behind him? Chapter In the U.S. Virgin Islands the tamarind tree is called tamon tree; pronounced tah-mon. If spirits really are around? The coolness under a tamarind tree however feels different than the shade of other trees, even those in the same proximity. The IK possessed by locals was shrouded in myths and superstitions. The tamarind tree produces a natural air conditioning. Incidences of damages on the trees were minimal (5.0%). What if, after all, all those stories were true! No one spoke the whole way there, from the village to the cemetery. Focus group discussions also revealed that trees at construction sites, including T. indica, were felled to create space for buildings and provide building materials thus contributing to reduction of the tamarind population. Nobody sees them. Warm breaths. He heard shouting. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. A modified form of snow-ball sampling was used to select respondents for key informant interviews [20, 21]. Its trunk was already enormous. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Bourou S, Bowe C, Diouf M, Van Damme P. Ecological and human impacts on stand density and distribution of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) in Senegal. Its too easy that way. Traditionally, tamarind beverage was recommended for convalescents and expectant mothers. A few years ago while visiting Estate Whim Plantation on St. Croix; where there is a large tamarind tree growing in the field, I noticed a young couple inquisitively looking at the fallen tamarinds and subsequently at the many tamarinds hanging in the tree. Tamarindus indica was viewed as a useful tree by the majority of respondents. Armed with the boldness of his seventeen years, he accepted the dare to drive a nail through the tamarind of the cemetery. Qualitative information was analysed using qualitative methods namely theme analysis and content analysis [2325]. There is need to encourage value-addition so as to maximize T. indica benefits and enhance conservation. Google Scholar. He felt presences around him. Concerns about limited land could be addressed through identifying potential locations for planting T. indica such as along boundaries, roads, compounds and public land. Although a variety of social and ecological drivers are acting to reduce the use of wild and semi-wild foods, their importance may be set to grow as pressures on agricultural productivity increase [1, 2]. Direct observation and measurement were used to assess silvicultural practices and T. indica/crop combinations. Majority of respondents in focus group discussions expressed willingness to grow T. indica if assured of financial benefit. Where are they? A thin ribbon of blood in the corner of his mouth, and, driven into his shirt, the nail. [8, 27, 31] attest the potential of T. indica to boost nutrition, income generation and environmental conservation (Table5). Ambio. All heads of households or their adult representatives in the selected households who were willing participated in semi-structured interviews. Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species, Rome, Italy; 2008. Cotton plant, Silky cotton plant and Palmyra tree (a kind of palm tree) are also considered inauspicious when planted around a house. Being hardy, T. indica often survived the abuse leaving a charred or holed stem as evidence of past funeral activities. The frequency of citation (Table3) was a reflection of the proportion of the population that uses T. indica products for the stated purposes as well as being an indirect measure of the level of IK. Cite this article. Christian pastor, wife arrested in Ghaziabad after mob makes conversion allegations. Tamarind fruit was sold by both men and women. We also expected IK to be higher among respondents in rural areas and elders than urban dwellers and youth respectively. Esther Ebifa-Othieno. 1997. 2012. p. 3083161. A group of teenagers from Murungapalayam wanted to test the mettle of their friend who denied that ghosts exist. 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