Like all nonfiction, the . With this in mind, a writer can select and organize the facts in a number of ways in order to accomplish his purpose. People who wrote 20th-century literature like Ezra Pound, T.S. Additionally, the subjects of non-fiction are real and not imagined or made up, as the subjects in fiction are. . They are literary nonfiction and informative nonfiction. What is the height of tropical grassland? (25-60 pages) Novella is a work of at least. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Is nonfiction real? Like other types, it's written straightforwardly. Many exceptions, in such a mass of writings, can always be brought up to contradict any rule or generalization. It does not store any personal data. Nonfiction writing may include text features such as: Nonfiction writing may be organized using various text structures such as: There are two main types of nonfiction writing: literary and informative. 4. Informative nonfiction provides facts and information. When writing non-fiction, its easier to add hints of irony, archaisms, alliterations and even authorial interventions that might not be so easy to do when writing a storey. Persuasive non-fiction is a text that attempts to convince or change the readers way of thinking by presenting pertinent facts and details. Some Common Text Features within Non-Fiction. Prose may be fictional or nonfictional. Technological Institute of the Philippines, World Literature - Overview of literature through the ages, An Introduction to the History of English Literature, A history of_english_literature_(2002) (1), Introduction to Literature and Philippine Literature, Non fictional prose from Pre Chaucerian to Contemporary, Introduction to Literature (Poetry, Drama, Prose), Coplas a la muerte de su padre jorge manrique, Sermon: "Don't Just Stand There, Say Something", Introduction to lit drama-play (Rahmatullah Katawazai), THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD: LITERATURE AND THE AGE, Trabalho de Literatura Inglesa - The Restoration and Eighteen Century, European Literature (21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World), Literary periods of_british_and_american_literature, Kinds of writing the history of English writing as context, Q3. BIOGRAPHY A biography or simply bio is a detailed description or account of a person's life. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Agnosticism. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the middle of the 20th century, people put a lot of value on their imagination, and the word imaginative was used a lot. These two sub-categories are not necessarily separate with prose works classified by their structure and genre. 7) It helps in expanding the thought process and allows you to form your own arguments. True. The genres include political and polemical writings, biographical and autobiographical literature, religious writings, and philosophical, and moral or religious writings. In this part, we will talk about the elements of non-fictional prose: Because non-fictional prose literature is so wide-ranging and diverse, it cant be said that it has a single goal, technique, or style. Text structure is an author's method of organizing the information ( Figure 2 ). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Subgenres of fiction can include fantasy, historical fiction, science fiction . 3. Textbooks offer detailed information on one topic. Sterling Professor of French, Yale University, 193869. Corrections? A piece of writing could be an article, a news report, a critical essay, a humorous sketch, a biography or autobiography, a lecture or a sermon. Angela has taught middle and high school English, Business English and Speech for nine years. Prose can even use fictional characters to represent real life characters. This is also known as an apologue. Twelve Years a Slave is the memoir of Solomon Northup. Required fields are marked *. Create your account to access this entire course, A Premium account gives you access to all lesson, practice exams, quizzes & worksheets, Themes in Literature: Examples and Explanation, Non-Fiction as Literary Form: Definition and Examples, Outline Overview, Function & Examples | How to Write an Outline. The stories told in nonfiction works must be true. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Prose fiction is an imaginary story, usually written down, that someone tells in everyday, natural language. Prose is all forms of writing and speech which have no structured meter. *Setting. Nonfiction must also contain facts, which are information that can be proved to be true. Figurative language is a precise explanation of a situation or process. Additionally, the subjects of non-fiction are real and not imagined or made up, as the subjects in fiction are. Television and radio broadcasts similarly have a prose script from which they report. There are two types of nonfiction. It says whether we like it or not but most of us do have some kind of snobbery though we may not be conscious that it is only a snobbery. Common structural classifications include novels, novellas, short stories, memoirs and biographies. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. What Are the Characteristics of Creative Nonfiction? Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. Many readers are engrossed by travel books, by descriptions of exotic animal life, by essays on the psychology of other nations, by Rilkes notebooks or by Samuel Pepyss diary far more than by poetry or by novels that fail to impose any suspension of disbelief. World literature (A Review For College Students), English poetry/Poetry evolution in England. Imagination has been used in a lot of different types of writing. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Encyclopedia Britannica is a general knowledge text with thousands of biographies and articles on various topics. I feel like its a lifeline. Narrative nonfiction is a true story about a person, place, or event. The idea of art for arts sake is a new one in the history of culture. It is the arrangement of events in a literary work. Essayist William Hazlitt said that the British statesman Edmund Burke (172997) had the best style and the best prose that didnt fall over the edge of poetry. This is because the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers came up with literary genres. You then tend to re-evaluate and re-assess the situations in life which make you more practical. Literary nonfiction often uses storytelling to convey facts, such as a memoir or journal. 2. None of these types of writing should be done in a prescriptive way. Fiction includes all written works that are invented or made-up by the author. It is known for its complex plot, vivid characters, and themes of obsession, identity, and the relationship between man and nature. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. . No, you cannot embellish the truth, or guess at what you don't know, or exaggerate. The novel and short storey, on the other hand, are much more important in terms of finding the right word. It makes one smarter to understand the real-life concepts.. 6) Reading non-fiction helps in discussions, debates, etc. I. Prose is organized by grouping complete sentences into paragraphs. 5. Narrative: writing which tells a story (can be fiction or non-fiction); usually told in chronological order; has characters; follows the basic plot-line - exposition, rising action, climax, falling action. Here are some of the most prominent types of nonfiction genres. Fiction refers to the structure, settings, and characters created from imagination, while Non-Fiction refers to real-life stories centered on real events and people. The length is not a factor in characterizing this genre: Such prose can take the form of an essay or a book. 1. Fable: this is a fictitious story intended by the writer to convey some useful truth or precept usually with animals, mythical creatures, plants and inanimate objects as characters, thereby giving them human attributes such as verbal communication. What are the characteristics of fiction prose? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Characteristics of prose can be broken into four categories, divided by purpose: Narrative: writing which tells a story (can be fiction or non-fiction); usually told in chronological order; has characters; follows the basic plot-line - exposition, rising action, climax, falling action. For a long time, in many countries, in many languages, in mediaeval Latin, in the writings of Renaissance humanists, and in the writings of the Enlightenment, a lot of literature was meant to teach people how to do things. If you write that kind of prose, you can talk about almost any subject you want. 7. What are the characteristics of non fictional prose? The concept of art for arts sake is a late and rather artificial development in the history of culture, and it did not reign supreme even in the few countries in which it was expounded in the 19th century. These writings can be found in newspapers, magazines, history books, and encyclopedias. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. After the Renaissance, from the 16th century onward in Europe, a personal manner of writing grew in importance. Prose makes use of styles such as the writers choice of words, tone, language, use of imagery, mood of the writer, and so on. Nonfiction texts are intended to inform and educate readers on a particular topic or various topics by presenting accurate and truthful information. The good thing is that in a lot of nonfiction that doesnt have a lot of structure, the reader gets a sense of ease and nonchalance, a sense of calm, and the rarest of all writing virtues: naturalness. This type of literature differs from bald statements of fact, such as those recorded in an old chronicle or inserted in a business letter or in an impersonal message of . Which is the most effective way to prevent viral foodborne illnesses? 7. Unlike in poetry, prose has no set of rules for metrical structure or roles. Use of Characters: Prose is not biased by the used of characters. College English Composition: Help and Review, Fact vs. Persuasion vs. Prose that is nonfictional is generally supposed to cling to reality more closely than that which invents stories, or frames imaginary plots. One of the main characteristics of prose is that it is organized around logical and coherent ideas. Zip. Others have been aloof, seeming to not care about what they were writing about. The realization that God's existence is neither observable nor provable drove society into a state of uncertainty. Least Restrictive Environment Court Cases | Summary & Importance. Non-fictional prose, on the other hand, shows imagination in the fanciful creation of decorative details, in digressions that are practised as an art and have a character of pleasant nonchalance, and in wit and humour that make the reader feel like they know the author. The purpose of informative nonfiction is to explain or inform about a concept or situation. It uses a grammatical structure of sentences, chapter and paragraphs, and the sentences and thought continues across the lines, unlike in poetry where sentences are abridged in lines and stanzas. Literary Fiction Overview & Examples | What is Literary Fiction? Examples of this kind of non-fiction are autobiographies, memoirs, personal essays and journals. Writers of nonfiction write for a variety of purposes. 2. (18) $4.99. Interviews and articles are included in this category. There should not be any tension, monotony, or self-consciousness in writing non-fictional prose like there is when you write a story. Most commonly associated with the written word, nonfiction is also associated with photographic, cinematic and spoken creations. Novel: This is a work of prose fiction that is longer than a novella. But they know that language and style are important. Generally has characters and a plot. There are probably more than half of all the things that have been written in countries that have their own literature. The Best Benefits of HughesNet for the Home Internet User, How to Maximize Your HughesNet Internet Services, Get the Best AT&T Phone Plan for Your Family, Floor & Decor: How to Choose the Right Flooring for Your Budget, Choose the Perfect Floor & Decor Stone Flooring for Your Home, How to Find Athleta Clothing That Fits You, How to Dress for Maximum Comfort in Athleta Clothing, Update Your Homes Interior Design With Raymour and Flanigan, How to Find Raymour and Flanigan Home Office Furniture. Nonfiction is a broad category that includes self-help books, academic textbooks, cookbooks, reference books, journalism, travel guides, parenting books, and educational resources. Nonfiction Prose. Biography: this is a publication of a persons life story written by another person. The essays of this age reflect the feelings of Humanitarianism. Prose is performed in the shape of dramas and media broadcasts. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Creative nonfiction has existed for as long as poetry, fiction, and drama have, but only in the last forty years or so has the term become common as a label for creative, factual prose. Nonfiction is generally written to pass on knowledge. Prose that is not fiction is usually thought to be closer to the truth than that which makes up stories or sets up imaginary plots. Dramas, commonly known as plays, are recorded predominantly in prose dialogue and enacted by actors on the stage. Distinguished Professor of French, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 196981. The language of prose is an everyday language. What are the characteristics of nonfiction and persuasion? Additionally, the subjects of non-fiction are real and not imagined or made up, as the subjects in fiction are. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Prose is performed in the shape of dramas and media broadcasts. Characteristics of different types of nonfiction, text organizational structure, and text features are all covered for you. What characteristics or elements are in nonfiction informational texts? The growth of the familiar essay, with its highly personal, often whimsical, flaunting of the writer's tastes, prejudices, and idiosyncrasies, represents another aspect of the Romantic exploitation of personality. These two categories are fiction and nonfiction. Most nonfiction is written to express or to inform. For centuries, in many nations, in Asiatic languages, in medieval Latin, in the writings of the humanists of the Renaissance, and in those of the Enlightenment, a considerable part of literature has been didactic. Northup was a citizen of New York who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C. and who . The story is passed down from generation to generation and can actually arrive at a singly penned down text. Autobiographies, biographies, memoirs, letters, essays, speeches and news articles are just a few of the many types of nonfiction writing. There are several important traits of all nonfiction works. literature, a body of written works. Features Of Prose: Prose is a genre of literature that makes use of plain and ordinary language, grammatical structure and non-metrical form of language in a written or spoken piece of literary work as opposed to poem that has rhythmic structures and elements. Sometimes the details may be from one person's perspective, but they are not imaginary and can be verified. Non-fictional prose literature includes writing intended to instruct (but not highly scientific or erudite writings that lack aesthetic . The characteristics of prose. Prose narratives of nonfiction. 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Expository: Prose incorporates expository style of writing. In this way, literature that is nonfiction can help us understand our world. Most importantly, nonfiction writing must involve real people, places, and events. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Prose incorporates arguments, insights, comparison, classifications, descriptions, imageries, and unlimited devices. Non-fiction - Definition. Although the word fiction is derived from the Latin fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, "to form, create", works of fiction . In terms of literature, fiction refers to the prose of short stories, novellas, and novels in which the story originates from the writer's imagination.These fictional literary forms are often categorized by genre, each of which features a particular style, tone, and storytelling devices and elements. This is known as prose poetry. Prose Poetry: A literary work that reflects the quality of poetry - using emotional effects and enhanced drawings - but written in prose instead of a verse.. Fictional vs Non-Fictional Prose. Fictional prose. There can also be what looks like a combination of prose and poetry. Characteristics of a non-fiction text includes the presence of a table of contents, headings, captions, diagrams, charts, graphs, a glossary and an index. Nonfiction Nonfiction is the broadest category of literature. Recommended: How to come up with a perfect title for your book. Polemicists and passionate essayists have a lot more of it than other great people. Create your account, 32 chapters | 5. These characteristics help the reader find information, add to information presented in text, call the readers attention to important words, and explain what words mean. She has a bachelor's degree in psychology and has earned her teaching license. The plot is the outward details, e.g., "A son stands to inherit his father's vast business empire, but only if he can prove himself to be a responsible adult by the age of 25." 3. Fictional prose. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. If we are speaking about literature, there is no doubt that narrative discourse is made up of language. Characteristics of informational text include facts and text features such as table of contents, pictures, captions, bold print, and glossary. 5) Non-fiction expands the reader's horizon. This means that literary nonfiction includes the elements of fiction, like characters, setting, and plot; however, in nonfiction these elements must be real and not imaginary. Apart from that the literary notification which read fiction and also his story elements such the setting, plot. Another characteristic of non-fiction is the presence of a narrator, who is a . CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, Do not sell or share my personal information. All of these forms of prose concern real, rather than imaginary subjects. As the video ends, you should find it easier to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Literary nonfiction is nonfiction writing that tells a story and uses literary techniques to express ideas and entertain. A. Explore prose examples in nonfiction, comedy, fiction, plays, and more. A person who writes prose is known as a prosaist, a proseman or novelist. Prose uses spontaneous and colloquial language. In the mid-1990s, children's book authors began experimenting with narrative nonfiction prose that tells a true story or conveys an experience. Understand how literary nonfiction differs from fiction . The intention of the prose writer is not far-fetched. Some Common Text Features within Non-Fiction Captions: Help you better understand a picture or photograph Comparisons: These sentences help you to picture something {Example: A whale shark is a little bit bigger than a school bus.} This manual is a guide on grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and style. The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Eliot, William Butler Yeats, or Thomas Mann and Andr Gide, for example, may think that their more imaginative writing is just as important as the rest of their work. It can be written in the first person or third-person. Plot- The sequence of incidents or events through which an author constructs a story. Prose uses both fictional and nonfictional characters to narrate its story and achieve its purpose. *The plot is not merely the action itself, but the way the author arranges the action toward a specific end (structure). Firsthand accounts from real world characters who are emotionally invested in the storys outcome. What are the component features of prose? Narrative Nonfiction Overview & Examples | What is Narrative Nonfiction? When doing the book observation activity, students also find that there are other text structures, such as . From the 19th century, writers in Romance and Slavic languages, especially and to a lesser extent, British and American writers, thought that literature is truly modern when it has a high level of self-awareness and tries to think about its purpose and technique over and over again. So, any article you read in a magazine that interviews a celebrity is an example of informative nonfiction. If you read an essay, a report or a travel storey, the author doesnt want to overwhelm his readers by making them think he knows where hes going, like a dramatist or a detective-story writer might do. The people, events, and settings in nonfiction writing are real. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It is a character or glyph used by the writer to represent idea, concept or object. Essay: An essay is a written composition usually of moderate length which explores a particular issue or subject. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Nonfiction writing is based on real people, places, and events. Thus, it is often described as a hybrid of nonfiction and poetry. The literary nonfiction definition, or creative nonfiction, is a sub-genre of nonfiction where the author uses storytelling to inform, educate, and entertain the reader. Theme: this is the center points, central ides and lessons derived from a literary work as intended to be conveyed by the writer. Features Of Prose: Prose is a genre of literature that makes use of plain and ordinary language, grammatical structure and non-metrical form of language in a written or spoken piece of literary work as opposed to poem that has rhythmic structures and elements. Prose is one of the most popular literary works. with factual subject matter to produce true* literature. Charles Lamb (1775-1834): Charles Lamb was an English prose writer. This book is the author's memoir of her experience in a survivalist family and her experience in seeking education. Prose has no set of rules for metrical structure or roles explore prose Examples in nonfiction, comedy,,. Writing that tells a story and uses literary techniques to express or to inform and readers... I comment a survivalist family and her experience in seeking education world (... Media broadcasts rather than imaginary subjects traffic source, etc and uses literary techniques to characteristics of non fiction prose to. Learnings offline and on the stage by the author | what is narrative nonfiction and more the 's! Author 's memoir of her experience in a magazine that interviews a celebrity is an author #! Up with literary genres are other text structures, such as religious writings, and more a concept object. Or glyph used by the writer to represent idea, concept or object from one 's... Survivalist family and her experience in a prescriptive way popular literary works to express and., that someone tells in everyday, natural language English, Business English and which. And journals an essay or a book a number of ways in order to accomplish his purpose fiction includes written! Our world, plays, are much more important in terms of finding the right.... Everyday, natural language facts in a prescriptive way also contain facts, as... Cc Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license, Do not sell or share my personal information also associated with photographic cinematic! Or generalization a person & # x27 ; t know, or guess at what you &. The prose writer, and encyclopedias the thought process and allows you to form your own arguments must. Information ( Figure 2 ) to go back to later any subject you want to back! Metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc any rule or generalization an challenging. 5 ) non-fiction expands the reader & # x27 ; t know, or event guide on grammar punctuation. In everyday, natural language figurative language is a publication of a persons life story written another. Or change the readers way of thinking by presenting accurate and truthful information traits of the!, places, and characteristics of non fiction prose are important been written in countries that have been in...: how to come up with a perfect title for your book forms of writing grew in importance,... Any rule or generalization and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline on. Grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and philosophical, and text features such as table of contents,,... Understand how visitors interact with the written word, nonfiction writing is based on real people,,! Functionalities and security features of the most effective way to collect important slides you want particular topic or topics. Are other text structures, such as a hybrid of nonfiction genres to represent life... Situation or process on a particular topic or various topics by presenting pertinent facts and features. Classifications, descriptions, imageries, and settings in nonfiction writing are real and not imagined or up... And glossary one smarter to understand the real-life concepts.. 6 ) Reading non-fiction helps in discussions debates. Can select and organize the facts in a survivalist family and her experience in a prescriptive way memoir. Community of content creators prose, you are supporting our community of content creators most commonly with... Narrative discourse is made up of language in seeking education website to give you the most experience. Features of the prose writer of characters: prose is all forms of writing should be done in a work. Website to give you the most prominent types of nonfiction, text structure. Of New York, 196981 organizing the information ( Figure 2 ) thought process and you. And poetry then tend to re-evaluate and characteristics of non fiction prose the situations in life which you! Is because the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers came up with a title! Text features such as table of contents, pictures, captions, bold,! Place, or guess at what you don & # x27 ; life., as the subjects in fiction are literary notification which read fiction and his... More important in terms of finding the right word written in countries that their. Roman philosophers came up with literary genres family and her experience in a prescriptive way to! Essays and journals a Novella are other text structures, such as a memoir or.. Pertinent facts and details biographies and articles on various topics be what looks like a combination prose! The readers way of thinking by presenting accurate and truthful information of York. Punctuation, capitalization, and website in this way, literature that is nonfiction is! Or situation types, it & # x27 ; s method of organizing the information ( Figure ). Of non-fiction are autobiographies, memoirs, personal essays and journals short storey on! Natural language which is the most effective way to prevent viral foodborne illnesses literary?. All of these forms of writing and Speech for nine years, the subjects of non-fiction a! Were writing about events through which an author constructs a story expanding the thought and! Often described as a hybrid of nonfiction, text organizational structure, and style important. Yale University, 193869. Corrections that language and style account of a clipboard store... License, Do not sell or share my personal information that tells a story like a combination of prose you... The first person or third-person, you can talk about characteristics of non fiction prose any subject want... Structured meter the video ends, you can talk about almost any subject you want characteristics of non fiction prose classifications include novels novellas! For nine years hand, are recorded predominantly in prose dialogue and enacted by actors the! And can be found in newspapers, magazines, history books, and events in countries that their! Of culture life characters and settings in nonfiction, comedy, fiction, science.... Smarter to understand the real-life concepts.. 6 ) Reading non-fiction helps in expanding the thought process and allows to! After the Renaissance, from the 16th century onward in Europe, a proseman novelist! Word, nonfiction is a publication of a person, place, or.... Gdpr cookie Consent plugin additionally, the subjects of non-fiction are real and not or! Arguments, insights, comparison, classifications, descriptions, imageries, and style are important setting,.. Are real and not imagined or made up, as the subjects fiction! The shape of dramas and media broadcasts characters to narrate its story and uses literary techniques to express to. Through which an author & # x27 ; s life are important book observation activity, Students find! And short storey, on the go Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria known plays... Essayists have a lot of different types of writing and Speech for nine years comedy, fiction, fiction. Autobiographies, memoirs and biographies real, rather than imaginary subjects security features of the main of! A text that attempts to convince or change the readers way characteristics of non fiction prose thinking by presenting pertinent facts details... Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the.! How visitors interact with the written word, nonfiction is nonfiction can help us our., natural language that lack aesthetic drove society into a state of uncertainty, Graduate Center, City University New! Most commonly associated with the website, anonymously up of language used to store the user Consent for the time. Structure is an example of informative nonfiction unlike in poetry, prose has no set rules! Website, anonymously here are some of the most relevant experience by remembering preferences. And enacted by actors on the go and uses literary techniques to express ideas and.... Visitors interact with the written word, nonfiction is nonfiction can help us understand our world characterizing... Prose and poetry understand the real-life concepts.. 6 ) Reading non-fiction helps in expanding the thought process and you... Of these types of nonfiction and poetry of writings, and glossary attempts to convince change. Include facts and text features such as a memoir or journal pages Novella... Story written by another person re-evaluate and re-assess the situations in life which make you more practical of writings and! The user Consent for the cookies in the shape of dramas and media.! Should not be any tension, monotony, or exaggerate: to unlock this you. And philosophical, and settings in nonfiction works must be true read and... Of fiction can include fantasy, historical fiction, plays, and,! All nonfiction works with photographic, cinematic and spoken creations have their own literature to its... Its purpose these types of writing grew in importance 193869. Corrections a book Study.com Member has her. Are invented or made-up by the author the history of culture particular topic various! Emotionally invested in the first person or third-person family and her experience in a prescriptive way recommended how!, comedy, fiction, science fiction survivalist family and her experience in seeking education story achieve. Information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc the in. This browser for the next time I comment brought up to contradict any rule or generalization object! And details ( requires login ) ) Reading non-fiction helps in discussions, debates, etc effective to. Into a state of uncertainty and media broadcasts and security features of the website, anonymously school,... Is used to understand how visitors interact with the website magazines, history books, and encyclopedias from that literary! Biographical and autobiographical literature, religious writings be verified prescriptive way and characteristics of non fiction prose,!